{"id":10959,"date":"2023-12-30T14:23:43","date_gmt":"2023-12-30T13:23:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/?p=10959"},"modified":"2024-01-10T10:25:40","modified_gmt":"2024-01-10T09:25:40","slug":"jeremy-lent-abychom-mohli-celit-rizikum-spojenym-s-umelou-inteligenci-musime-rozvinout-integrovanou-inteligenci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/jeremy-lent-abychom-mohli-celit-rizikum-spojenym-s-umelou-inteligenci-musime-rozvinout-integrovanou-inteligenci\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeremy Lent: To address the risks of AI, we need to develop integrated intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Explozivn\u00ed n\u00e1r\u016fst schopnosti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence p\u0159edstavuje pro lidstvo existen\u010dn\u00ed riziko. Abychom byli schopni tomuto riziku \u010delit a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b zm\u011bnit trajektorii na\u0161\u00ed civilizace, pot\u0159ebujeme podle Jeremy Lenta komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed povahy lidsk\u00e9 inteligence a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f na lidsk\u00fd rozkv\u011bt. Pokud chceme &#8222;um\u011blou inteligenci&#8220; p\u0159izp\u016fsobit lidskosti, uznejme a oce\u0148me na\u0161i &#8222;\u017eivou inteligenci&#8220;, vyb\u00edz\u00ed autor v&nbsp;tomto sv\u00e9m eseji, kter\u00fd pod n\u00e1zvem <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/patternsofmeaning.com\/2023\/06\/20\/to-counter-ai-risk-we-must-develop-an-integrated-intelligence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">To Counter AI Risk, We Must Develop an Integral Intelligence<\/a><strong> publikoval na sv\u00e9m webu<\/strong><strong>. \u010cesk\u00fd p\u0159eklad: Ji\u0159\u00ed Zem\u00e1nek.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>&nbsp;Filosof, spisovatel a zakladatel neziskov\u00e9ho Institutu liologie Jeremy Lent se usilovn\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159isp\u011bt k&nbsp;celkov\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidstva. Tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee dne\u0161n\u00ed krize udr\u017eitelnosti nen\u00ed nevyhnuteln\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem lidsk\u00e9 p\u0159irozenosti, ale \u017ee je kulturn\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 &#8212; je produktem ur\u010dit\u00fdch ment\u00e1ln\u00edch vzorc\u016f, kter\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159etvo\u0159it. Ve sv\u00e9 \u201cliologii\u201d (z&nbsp;\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho pojmu \u201cli\u201d- organizuj\u00edc\u00ed principy) nab\u00edz\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro nov\u00fd sv\u011bton\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z&nbsp;na\u0161\u00ed existence zakotven\u00e9 v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b: zp\u016fsob \u017eivota, kter\u00fd je integrovan\u00fd, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00fd a hluboce propojen\u00fd.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Jeremy Lent je autorem novely <\/strong><strong><em>The Requiem of Human Soul <\/em><\/strong><strong>(Libros Libertad 2009) a dvou vysoce oce\u0148ovan\u00fdch pr\u016fkopnick\u00fdch knih <\/strong><strong><em>The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity&#8217;s&nbsp;Search for Meaning<\/em><\/strong><strong> (Prometheus Books 2017) a <\/strong><strong><em>The Web of Meaning: Integrating Science and Traditional Wisdom to Find Our Place in The Universe<\/em><\/strong><strong> (New Society Pulblishers 2021). <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 exploze ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed schopnosti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v&nbsp;bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti prom\u011bn\u00ed prakticky ka\u017edou oblast lidsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota s&nbsp;\u00fa\u010dinky, kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1vratn\u00e1 rychlost, s&nbsp;jakou se um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence vyv\u00edj\u00ed, je tak obrovsk\u00e1, \u017ee jej\u00ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed dopad je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9 postihnout. Jak ukazuj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159elomov\u00e9 prezentaci <em>Dilema um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/em> Tristan Harris a Aza Raskin (spoluzakladatel\u00e9 Centra pro hum\u00e1nn\u00ed technologie \/ Center for Human Technology), \u00fasp\u011bchy um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence se dnes za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed \u010d\u00edst jako sci-fi. Syst\u00e9m um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence nap\u0159\u00edklad dok\u00e1\u017ee po pouh\u00fdch t\u0159ech vte\u0159in\u00e1ch poslechu lidsk\u00e9ho hlasu automaticky doplnit vyslovovanou v\u011btu hlasem, kter\u00fd dokonale odpov\u00edd\u00e1 skute\u010dnosti, tak\u017ee jej nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee od hlasu skute\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka odli\u0161it. Harris s&nbsp;Raskinem n\u00e1m ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee je-li um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence propojen\u00e1 s&nbsp;fMRI technologi\u00ed zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed mozku, m\u016f\u017ee rekonstruovat, co si mozek \u010dlov\u011bka mysl\u00ed a p\u0159esn\u011b to reprezentovat jako obraz.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modely um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed vykazovat nov\u00e9 schopnosti, kter\u00e9 do nich jejich tv\u016frci&nbsp; nenaprogramovali. Model um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, kter\u00fd byl vytvo\u0159en k&nbsp;odpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed na ot\u00e1zky v&nbsp;angli\u010dtin\u011b, m\u016f\u017ee najednou rozum\u011bt ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m v&nbsp;per\u0161tin\u011b a odpov\u00eddat na n\u011b, ani\u017e by byl v&nbsp;tomto jazyce programov\u00e1n \u2013 a nikdo, dokonce ani jeho program\u00e1to\u0159i, nev\u011bd\u00ed pro\u010d. U syst\u00e9mu ChatGPT (voln\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd syst\u00e9m um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence) bylo k&nbsp;p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed jeho vlastn\u00edch program\u00e1tor\u016f zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee se s\u00e1m vy\u0161kolil v&nbsp;chemii na v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 \u00farovni, p\u0159esto\u017ee to nebylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jeho c\u00edlov\u00fdch tr\u00e9ninkov\u00fdch dat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnoh\u00e9 z&nbsp;t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed se odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed v&nbsp;\u010dasov\u00e9m r\u00e1mci, kter\u00fd se u\u017e nem\u011b\u0159\u00ed na m\u011bs\u00edce a roky, ale na t\u00fddny a dny. Odborn\u00edci p\u0159irovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdznam fenom\u00e9nu um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence k&nbsp;vyn\u00e1lezu jadern\u00e9 bomby, jen s&nbsp;jedn\u00edm mraziv\u00fdm rozd\u00edlem: zat\u00edmco velikost jadern\u00e9 hrozby by se mohla zvy\u0161ovat pouze tempem vlastn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016f, um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence je \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l schopn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed se sama u\u010dit, jak se st\u00e1t v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vno se modely um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence nau\u010dily generovat vlastn\u00ed tr\u00e9ninkov\u00e1 data t\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, \u017ee se samy za\u010daly zlep\u0161ovat a upravovat \u010d\u00e1sti k\u00f3du tak, aby pracoval v\u00edc ne\u017e dvojn\u00e1sobnou rychlost\u00ed. Schopnosti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence se dnes u\u017e zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed exponenci\u00e1ln\u00edm tempem, a to z&nbsp;velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jako d\u016fsledek distribuovan\u00fdch s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f program\u00e1tor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed na sv\u00e9 pr\u016flomov\u00e9 poznatky navz\u00e1jem navazuj\u00ed. Vzhledem k&nbsp;tomuto ned\u00e1vn\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji p\u0159edpov\u00eddaj\u00ed odborn\u00edci budouc\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence dvojn\u00e1sobnou exponenci\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost\u00ed, co\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na grafu vypadat jako svisl\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1ra potenci\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd exploduje sm\u011brem vzh\u016fru.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd term\u00edn pro popis tohoto jevu, kter\u00fd byl zat\u00edm jen hypotetick\u00fdm my\u0161lenkov\u00fdm experimentem, je singularita. U\u017e v&nbsp;roce 1965, na po\u010d\u00e1tku po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho v\u011bku, tuto mocnou a znepokojivou vizi poprv\u00e9 popsal britsk\u00fd matematik I. J. Good. Napsal tehdy: \u201eA\u0165 je ultrainteligentn\u00ed stroj definov\u00e1n jako stroj, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee dalece p\u0159ekonat v\u0161echny intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka, a\u0165 u\u017e je jakkoliv chytr\u00fd. Vzhledem k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee&nbsp; konstrukce stroj\u016f p\u0159edstavuje jednu z&nbsp;t\u011bchto intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed, mohl by ultrainteligentn\u00ed stroj navrhovat a konstuovat je\u0161t\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed stroje; pak by nepochybn\u011b do\u0161lo k&nbsp;&#8218;explozi inteligence&#8216; a inteligence \u010dlov\u011bka by z\u016fstala daleko za n\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed ultrainteligentn\u00ed stroj je tedy posledn\u00edm vyn\u00e1lezem, kter\u00fd kdy \u010dlov\u011bk pot\u0159eboval vytvo\u0159it.&#8220;[1]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u0161est desetilet\u00ed pot\u00e9, co byla singularita poprv\u00e9 zformulov\u00e1na, se z&nbsp;teoretick\u00e9 spekulace prom\u011bnila v&nbsp;nal\u00e9hav\u00fd existen\u010dn\u00ed probl\u00e9m.<strong> <\/strong>Je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b snadn\u00e9 vyjmenovat nes\u010detn\u00e9 potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednosy ultrainteligentn\u00edho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de: objevy l\u00e9k\u016f na vysiluj\u00edc\u00ed nemoci; ultrasofistikovanou mnohostrannou automatizaci, kter\u00e1 nahrad\u00ed lidskou d\u0159inu; technologick\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed nejpal\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f lidstva. Na druhou stranu poukazuj\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 na nebezpe\u010dn\u011b destruktivn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l pokro\u010dil\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence pro sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd u\u017e nyn\u00ed prask\u00e1 ve \u0161vech: na riziko, \u017ee deepfake a automatizovan\u00ed roboti budou je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc spole\u010dnost polarizovat; \u017ee personalizovan\u00ed asistenti um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence u\u017e dnes zneu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed lidi pro zisk a prohlubuj\u00ed epidemii soci\u00e1ln\u00ed izolace; \u017ee p\u0159i z\u00e1v\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 intelgience bude doch\u00e1zet k&nbsp;v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed centralizaci moci do rukou n\u011bkolika megakorporac\u00ed, abychom jmenovali jen n\u011bkolik hlavn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Ale i mimo tyto v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 obavy varuj\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed odborn\u00edci na um\u011blou inteligenci, \u017ee pokro\u010dil\u00e1 obecn\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence (AGI) p\u0159edstavuje pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00e1\u017enou hrozbu nejen pro lidskou civilizaci, ale i pro samotnou existenci lidstva, v\u010detn\u011b dal\u0161\u00edho pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota na Zemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Probl\u00e9m slad\u011bn\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U ko\u0159en\u016f tohoto hlubok\u00e9ho rizika je n\u011bco, co je zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako <em>probl\u00e9m slad\u011bn\u00ed<\/em>. Mus\u00edme se pt\u00e1t, co by se stalo, pokud by nadlidsk\u00e1 inteligence cht\u011bla dos\u00e1hnout n\u011bjak\u00e9ho c\u00edle, kter\u00fd by nebyl v&nbsp;souladu s&nbsp;podm\u00ednkami pot\u0159ebn\u00fdmi pro blaho \u010dlov\u011bka \u2013 nebo, kdy\u017e na to p\u0159ijde, pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed samotn\u00e9ho \u017eivota na Zemi. Tento nesoulad by mohl b\u00fdt jednodu\u0161e d\u016fsledkem chybn\u00e9ho lidsk\u00e9ho naprogramov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd futurista Nick Bostrom uv\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad superinteligence navr\u017een\u00e9 s&nbsp;c\u00edlem vyr\u00e1b\u011bt kancel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 sponky, kter\u00e1 celou Zemi p\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed v&nbsp;gigantickou tov\u00e1rnu na v\u00fdrobu sponek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lze si tak\u00e9 docela dob\u0159e p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee by si superinteligentn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence mohla vyvinout svou vlastn\u00ed c\u00edlovou orientaci, kter\u00e1 by s&nbsp;velkou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed nebyla v&nbsp;souladu s&nbsp;lidsk\u00fdm rozkv\u011btem. Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence by nemusela vid\u011bt \u010dlov\u011bka jako nep\u0159\u00edtele, jeho\u017e je t\u0159eba zlikvidovat, ale mohli bychom se jednodu\u0161e st\u00e1t p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekami pro jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011bry, stejn\u011b jako dnes \u010del\u00ed vyhynut\u00ed orangutani, horsk\u00e9 gorily a nes\u010detn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed druhy v&nbsp;d\u016fsledku na\u0161\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Superinteligence by nap\u0159\u00edklad mohla cht\u00edt optimalizovat zemskou atmosf\u00e9ru pro svou vlastn\u00ed rychlost zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat, co\u017e by vedlo k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee by u\u017e biosf\u00e9ra nedok\u00e1zala udr\u017eet \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S t\u00edm, jak se dnes superinteligence posouv\u00e1 od my\u0161lenkov\u00e9ho experimentu k&nbsp;nal\u00e9hav\u011b hroz\u00edc\u00ed existen\u010dn\u00ed krizi, jsou mnoz\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed analytici, kte\u0159\u00ed se touto problematikou zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed u\u017e des\u00edtky let, mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00ed a sna\u017e\u00ed se b\u00edt na poplach d\u0159\u00edv, ne\u017e bude pozd\u011b. Profesor Max Tegmark z&nbsp;MIT (Massachusets Institute of Technology), vysoce uzn\u00e1van\u00fd fyzik a prezident Future of Life Institute (Institutu budoucnosti \u017eivota), pova\u017euje tento okam\u017eik za n\u00e1\u0161 historick\u00fd moment \u201eK Zemi hle\u010f\u201c (\u201eDon\u00b4t Look Up\u201c), \u010d\u00edm\u017e odkazuje na satirick\u00fd film, v&nbsp;n\u011bm\u017e asteroid ohro\u017euje \u017eivot na Zemi vyhynut\u00edm, ale pl\u00e1n na z\u00e1chranu planety je ma\u0159en z\u00e1jmy korporac\u00ed a neschopnost\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti odvr\u00e1tit svou pozornost od drb\u016f celebrit. V&nbsp;d\u016fv\u011brn\u00e9m podcastov\u00e9m rozhovoru Tegmark na\u0161i situaci p\u0159irovn\u00e1v\u00e1 k&nbsp;diagn\u00f3ze rakoviny v&nbsp;termin\u00e1ln\u00edm st\u00e1diu pro cel\u00e9 lidstvo a prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee &#8222;existuje docela velk\u00e1 mo\u017enost, \u017ee to jako lid\u00e9 nezvl\u00e1dneme a \u017ee v&nbsp;nep\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 budoucnosti \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed lid\u00e9 na planet\u011b nebudou \u2013 a to m\u011b velmi mrz\u00ed&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tegmarkovy obavy sd\u00edlej\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00ed odborn\u00edci. Eliezer Yudkowsky, kter\u00fd od roku 2001 pracuje na slad\u011bn\u00ed Obecn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence (AGI, tj. um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, kter\u00e1 p\u0159es\u00e1hla existuj\u00edc\u00ed strukturu) a je v\u0161eobecn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zakladatele tohoto oboru, upozor\u0148uje, \u017ee &#8222;dostate\u010dn\u011b inteligentn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence nez\u016fstane dlouho omezena pouze na po\u010d\u00edta\u010de. V&nbsp;dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b m\u016f\u017eete pos\u00edlat e-mailem \u0159et\u011bzce DNA do laborato\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 budou na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vyr\u00e1b\u011bt proteiny, co\u017e um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci, p\u016fvodn\u011b omezen\u00e9 na internet, umo\u017en\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et um\u011bl\u00e9 formy \u017eivota nebo se rovnou pustit do postbiologick\u00e9 molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdroby.&#8220; Yudkowsky vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k&nbsp;okam\u017eit\u00e9mu a \u010dasov\u011b neomezen\u00e9mu celosv\u011btov\u00e9mu moratoriu na dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby vynucen\u00e9mu koordinovanou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vojenskou akc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho hlediska existuje n\u011bkolik politick\u00fdch n\u00e1vrh\u016f, prosazovan\u00fdch v\u016fd\u010d\u00edmi p\u0159edstaviteli komunity um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, ve snaze zkrotit n\u011bkter\u00e9 z&nbsp;nejviditeln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch spole\u010densk\u00fdch rozvrat\u016f, kter\u00e9 se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed v&nbsp;d\u016fsledku \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho vlivu um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence. Otev\u0159en\u00fd dopis, kter\u00fd vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k&nbsp;pozastaven\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence na dobu nejm\u00e9n\u011b \u0161esti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, podepsalo v\u00edc ne\u017e t\u0159icet tis\u00edc signat\u00e1\u0159\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b mnoha nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch osobnost\u00ed v&nbsp;tomto oboru. N\u00e1vrhy, kter\u00e9 jsou v&nbsp;n\u011bm obsa\u017een\u00e9, zahrnuj\u00ed krom\u011b celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho moratoria po\u017eadavek, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd materi\u00e1l, jen\u017e um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence vytvo\u0159\u00ed, byl jako takov\u00fd jasn\u011b ozna\u010den; d\u00e1le ustanoven\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161echny nov\u00e9 zdrojov\u00e9 k\u00f3dy um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence budou zve\u0159ejn\u011bny, aby byla umo\u017en\u011bna transparentnost; a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee nov\u00e9 verze um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence nejsou bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, pokud se neprok\u00e1\u017ee opak, co\u017e by p\u0159eneslo d\u016fkazn\u00ed b\u0159emeno na v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159e um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, aby prok\u00e1zali jej\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost p\u0159ed jej\u00edm zaveden\u00edm \u2013 obdobn\u011b jako je tomu v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9ho ve farmaceutick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto n\u00e1vrhy jsou nanejv\u00fd\u0161 rozumn\u00e9 a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt neprodlen\u011b p\u0159ijaty vl\u00e1dami jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e by m\u011bl b\u00fdt jmenov\u00e1n mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed panel odborn\u00edk\u016f na um\u011blou inteligenci pod z\u00e1\u0161titou OSN, kter\u00fd by doporu\u010dil dal\u0161\u00ed pokyny pro jej\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 celosv\u011btov\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed. V&nbsp;kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku by zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed strategi\u00ed t\u011bchto pokyn\u016f m\u011blo b\u00fdt omezen\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho posilov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, pokud nebo dokud se nepoda\u0159\u00ed uspokojiv\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it samotn\u00fd probl\u00e9m jej\u00edho slad\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Existuje v\u0161ak z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fd omyl, kter\u00fd sd\u00edl\u00ed, zd\u00e1 se, naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina teoretik\u016f um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence a kter\u00fd mus\u00ed b\u00fdt rozpozn\u00e1n a napraven, aby v&nbsp;problematice slad\u011bn\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout skute\u010dn\u00e9ho pokroku. Tento probl\u00e9m souvis\u00ed s&nbsp;povahou samotn\u00e9 inteligence. Dokud se v&nbsp;komunit\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence neroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed toho, co inteligenci tvo\u0159\u00ed, hroz\u00ed nejen, \u017ee se n\u00e1m nepoda\u0159\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it probl\u00e9m slad\u011bn\u00ed, ale \u017ee se p\u0159i jeho zva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed vyd\u00e1me \u0161patn\u00fdm sm\u011brem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed a \u017eiv\u00e1 inteligence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdy\u017e teoretici um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed o inteligenci, \u010dasto vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z&nbsp;p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee existuje jen jedna forma inteligence: analytick\u00e1 inteligence, kter\u00e1 se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed pomoc\u00ed IQ testu a kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila lidsk\u00e9mu druhu ovl\u00e1dnout ostatn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed sv\u011bt a v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci n\u00ed\u017e nyn\u00ed hroz\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1s um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence p\u0159ekon\u00e1. V&nbsp;tomto p\u0159edpokladu nen\u00ed komunita kolem um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence sama \u2013 sd\u00edl\u00ed ho v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed v&nbsp;modern\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b a tvo\u0159\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st mainstreamov\u00e9ho pohledu na to, co znamen\u00e1 b\u00fdt lidskou bytost\u00ed. Kdy\u017e Descartes prohl\u00e1sil \u201ecogito ergo sum\u201c \u2013 \u201emysl\u00edm, tedy jsem\u201c \u2013 a polo\u017eil tak intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro modern\u00ed filozofick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed, vyslovil t\u00edm domn\u011bnku, \u017ee ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed lidstva, kter\u00e1 ho odli\u0161uje od v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed, je schopnost konceptu\u00e1ln\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed. Zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou od t\u00e9 doby podle Descarta a v\u011bt\u0161iny v\u011bdc\u016f ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako pouh\u00e9 stroje, kter\u00e9 jednaj\u00ed bez subjektivity \u010di jak\u00e9hokoli my\u0161len\u00ed.[2]&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nicm\u00e9n\u011b lidsk\u00e1 schopnost konceptualizace, jakkoli mocn\u00e1, p\u0159edstavuje jen jednu z&nbsp;forem inteligence. Existuje dal\u0161\u00ed forma inteligence \u2013 \u017eiv\u00e1 inteligence \u2013 kter\u00e1 je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lidsk\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a kterou sd\u00edl\u00edme s&nbsp;ostatn\u00edm \u017eivotem na Zemi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jestli\u017ee ch\u00e1peme inteligenci tak, jak je obecn\u011b definovan\u00e1, tedy jako schopnost vn\u00edmat nebo vyvozovat informace a pou\u017e\u00edvat je za \u00fa\u010delem adaptivn\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, pak inteligence existuje v\u0161ude v&nbsp;\u017eiv\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Je pom\u011brn\u011b snadn\u00e9&nbsp; ji vid\u011bt u vysoce funk\u010dn\u00edch savc\u016f jako jsou sloni, kte\u0159\u00ed mohou prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm infrazvuku komunikovat na stovky mil a prov\u00e1d\u011bt n\u011bco, co se jev\u00ed jako ob\u0159ady nad kostmi mrtv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch; nebo u kytovc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed komunikuj\u00ed sofistikovan\u00fdmi \u201ejazyky\u201c a m\u00e1 se za to, \u017ee \u201eklevet\u00ed\u201c o nep\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fdch \u010dlenech komunity.[3] Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u017eiv\u00e1 inteligence v\u0161ak byla identifikovan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v&nbsp;rostlin\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 krom\u011b vlastn\u00edch verz\u00ed na\u0161ich p\u011bti smysl\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed a\u017e patn\u00e1ct dal\u0161\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak mohou sv\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed vn\u00edmat. Rostliny maj\u00ed propracovan\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed signaliza\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, je\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jako je serotonin nebo dopamin, kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed u lid\u00ed jako neurotransmitery; bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee rostliny jednaj\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b a c\u00edlev\u011bdom\u011b: maj\u00ed pam\u011b\u0165 a u\u010d\u00ed se, komunikuj\u00ed mezi sebou a mohou dokonce jako komunita rozd\u011blovat zdroje.[4]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u017divou inteligenci lze rozpoznat i na bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u00farovni: jedna bu\u0148ka m\u00e1 tis\u00edce senzor\u016f, kter\u00e9 vystupuj\u00ed &nbsp; skrze jej\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed membr\u00e1nu a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed tok specifick\u00fdch molekul \u2013 bu\u010fto je vtahuj\u00ed dovnit\u0159 bu\u0148ky, nebo je z&nbsp;n\u00ed vytla\u010duj\u00ed ven podle toho, co je pot\u0159eba. Bu\u0148ky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ke komunikaci s&nbsp;ostatn\u00edmi bu\u0148kami ve sv\u00e9m okol\u00ed jemn\u011b vylad\u011bn\u00e9 signaliza\u010dn\u00ed mechanismy a sou\u010dasn\u011b vys\u00edlaj\u00ed a p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed stovky sign\u00e1l\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 bu\u0148ka si mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bdoma sama sebe jako\u017eto<em> j\u00e1<\/em>: &#8222;v\u00ed&#8220;, co je uvnit\u0159 jej\u00ed membr\u00e1ny a co je mimo ni; ur\u010duje, kter\u00e9 molekuly pot\u0159ebuje a kter\u00fdch se m\u00e1 zbavit; v\u00ed, kdy je v&nbsp;n\u00ed pot\u0159eba n\u011bco opravit a jak to prov\u00e9st; ur\u010duje, jak\u00e9 geny m\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 DNA exprimovat a kdy je \u010das se rozd\u011blit, a tak se rozmno\u017eit. Slovy filozofa biologie Evana Thompsona: &#8222;Kde je \u017eivot, tam je mysl&#8220;.[5]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdy\u017e p\u0159edn\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed neurov\u011bdci zkoumaj\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed, analogicky p\u0159itom rozli\u0161uj\u00ed dv\u011b formy v\u011bdom\u00ed, kter\u00e9 lze tak jako inteligenci klasifikovat jako konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed a \u017eiv\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad nositel Nobelovy ceny Gerald Edelman rozli\u0161uje mezi tzv. prim\u00e1rn\u00edm (\u017eiv\u00fdm) a sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm (konceptu\u00e1ln\u00edm) v\u011bdom\u00edm, zat\u00edmco sv\u011btozn\u00e1m\u00fd neurov\u011bdec Antonio Damasio \u010din\u00ed obdobn\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi tzv. j\u00e1drov\u00fdm v\u011bdom\u00edm a v\u011bdom\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Teorie du\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f v&nbsp;psychologii podobn\u011b p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 dv\u011b formy lidsk\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 intuitivn\u00ed a analytick\u00e9 \u2013, je\u017e Daniel Kahneman p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b popsal v&nbsp;knize <em>Thinking Fast and Slow (Rychl\u00e9 a pomal\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed)<\/em> a kter\u00e9 koresponduj\u00ed s&nbsp;rozd\u011blen\u00edm na \u017eivou a konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed inteligenci, respektive na \u017eiv\u00e9 a konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed.[6]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Na cest\u011b k&nbsp;integrovan\u00e9 inteligenci<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u016fsledkem tohoto st\u00e1le roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho uzn\u00e1n\u00ed existence \u017eiv\u00e9 a konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed inteligence je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee kartezi\u00e1nsk\u00e9 pojet\u00ed inteligence jako v\u00fdhradn\u011b analytick\u00e9 schopnosti \u2013 je\u017e sd\u00edl\u00ed velk\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina teoretik\u016f um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence \u2013 je nebezpe\u010dn\u011b omezen\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokonce se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee i lidsk\u00e1 konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed inteligence vznik\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u017eiv\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed. Jak p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b demonstroval kognitivn\u00ed lingvista George Lakoff, abstraktn\u00ed my\u0161lenky a pojmy, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me k&nbsp;vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed na\u0161ich teoretick\u00fdch model\u016f sv\u011bta, vznikaj\u00ed ve skute\u010dnosti z&nbsp;metafor na\u0161\u00ed zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti se sv\u011btem \u2013 vysok\u00e9 a n\u00edzk\u00e9, dovnit\u0159 a ven, velk\u00e9 a mal\u00e9, bl\u00edzk\u00e9 a uzav\u0159en\u00e9, pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 a pln\u00e9. Na rozd\u00edl od kartezi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu o schopnosti ryz\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed jsou na\u0161e pojmov\u00e1 a \u017eiv\u00e1 inteligence intimn\u011b propojeny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Naproti tomu strojov\u00e1 inteligence je skute\u010dn\u011b \u010dist\u011b analytick\u00e1. Nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd substr\u00e1t, kter\u00fd by ji spojoval s&nbsp;vibruj\u00edc\u00edm c\u00edt\u011bn\u00edm \u017eivota. Bez ohledu na \u00farove\u0148 sv\u00e9 sofistikovanosti a sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu nep\u0159edstavuje nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vzorc\u016f. Teoretici um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence maj\u00ed sklon pova\u017eovat inteligenci za nez\u00e1vislou na substr\u00e1tu \u2013 to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee soubor vzorc\u016f a vazeb, kter\u00e9 ji tvo\u0159\u00ed, lze v&nbsp;z\u00e1sad\u011b odd\u011blit od jej\u00ed materi\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1kladny a p\u0159esn\u011b replikovat jinde, tak jako kdy\u017e p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00edte data ze star\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010de do nov\u00e9ho. Toto plat\u00ed pro um\u011blou inteligenci, ale ne pro lidskou inteligenci.[7]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed pohled na lidstvo jako definovan\u00e9 pouze na z\u00e1klad\u011b pojmov\u00e9 inteligence v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k&nbsp;dualistick\u00e9mu pohledu na sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1kladem mnoha velk\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f, jim\u017e dnes spole\u010dnost \u010del\u00ed. Zrychluj\u00edc\u00ed se klimatick\u00e1 krize a ekologick\u00e1 spou\u0161\u0165, kterou p\u00e1ch\u00e1me v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, jsou na nejhlub\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni zp\u016fsobeny vl\u00e1dnouc\u00edm instrumentalistick\u00fdm sv\u011bton\u00e1zorem, kter\u00fd nahl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka jako v&nbsp;podstat\u011b odd\u011blen\u00e9ho od ostatn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody a p\u0159\u00edrodu vid\u00ed jen jako zdroj pro lidskou spot\u0159ebu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jakmile si v\u0161ak uv\u011bdom\u00edme, \u017ee lid\u00e9 disponuj\u00ed jak konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed, tak \u017eivou inteligenc\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee to transformovat n\u00e1\u0161 pocit lidsk\u00e9 identity. Nejv\u00edce cen\u011bn\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 vlastnosti, jako je soucit, integrita nebo moudrost, nevznikaj\u00ed pouze z&nbsp;pojmov\u00e9 inteligence, ale ze slo\u017eit\u00e9 sm\u011bsice my\u0161lenek, pocit\u016f, intuic a vjem\u016f integrovan\u00fdch do soudr\u017en\u00e9ho celku. Kdy\u017e se nau\u010d\u00edme v\u011bdom\u011b se naladit na rozvinut\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly na\u0161eho \u017eiv\u00e9ho v\u011bdom\u00ed, m\u016f\u017eeme si vytvo\u0159it <em>integrovanou inteligenci<\/em>: takovou inteligenci, kter\u00e1 do na\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed identity, do na\u0161ich hodnot a \u017eivotn\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed pln\u011b zahrnuje jak pojmovou, tak \u017eivou inteligenci.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jakmile p\u0159ijmeme svou vlastn\u00ed \u017eivou inteligenci, je p\u0159irozen\u00e9 obr\u00e1tit pozornost sm\u011brem ven a ocenit \u017eivou inteligenci vyza\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed ze v\u0161ech \u017eiv\u00fdch bytost\u00ed. Uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si na\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 oblasti inteligence s&nbsp;ostatn\u00edm \u017eivotem m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k&nbsp;siln\u00e9mu pocitu d\u016fv\u011brn\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed s&nbsp;\u017eiv\u00fdm sv\u011btem. Jestli\u017ee je pojmov\u00e1 inteligence kognitivn\u00edm vrcholem specializace, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s odli\u0161uje od ostatn\u00edch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, je to na\u0161e \u017eiv\u00e1 inteligence, kter\u00e1 se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 po cel\u00e9m ostatn\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed existence a vyb\u00edz\u00ed n\u00e1s ke spolupr\u00e1ci s&nbsp;ve\u0161ker\u00fdm \u017eivotem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jin\u00e9 kultury maj\u00ed toto porozum\u011bn\u00ed u\u017e dlouho. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00edn\u0161t\u00ed filozofov\u00e9 nevid\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi rozumem a citem a pou\u017e\u00edvali zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed slovo <em>tiren<\/em>, kter\u00e9 ozna\u010dovalo pozn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho nejen prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm intelektu, ale cel\u00fdm t\u011blem a mysl\u00ed. Slovy neokonfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho mudrce Wang Jang-minga: &#8222;Srdce-mysl nen\u00ed nic bez t\u011bla a t\u011blo nen\u00ed nic bez srdce-mysli.&#8220;[8] Domorod\u00e9 kultury po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b sd\u00edlej\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed hlubok\u00e9 sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bnosti se v\u0161emi \u017eiv\u00fdmi bytostmi, co\u017e je vede k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee ostatn\u00ed tvory ch\u00e1pou jako sou\u010d\u00e1st roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 rodiny.[9] Pro z\u00e1padn\u00ed kulturu, kter\u00e1 dnes p\u0159edstavuje glob\u00e1ln\u011b dominantn\u00ed zdroj hodnot, je v\u0161ak tato orientace na integrovanou inteligenci vz\u00e1cn\u00e1, nicm\u00e9n\u011b je nal\u00e9hav\u011b pot\u0159ebn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">Slad\u011bn\u00ed s&nbsp;integrac\u00ed<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto rozd\u00edly, jakkoli se mohou zd\u00e1t teoretick\u00e9, maj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, kdy\u017e uva\u017eujeme o n\u00e1stupu pokro\u010dil\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence a o tom, jak se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s&nbsp;probl\u00e9mem jej\u00edho slad\u011bn\u00ed. P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed se uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee probl\u00e9m slad\u011bn\u00ed je spojen\u00edm dvou v&nbsp;podstat\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f: Ot\u00e1zka, jak sladit um\u011blou inteligenci s&nbsp;lidsk\u00fdm rozkv\u011btem, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku, co je pro lidsk\u00fd rozkv\u011bt na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b zapot\u0159eb\u00ed. Bez pevn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu, kter\u00fd by stanovil podm\u00ednky pro lidsk\u00fd blahobyt, postr\u00e1d\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka slad\u011bn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence v\u00fdznam.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed u\u017e bylo na toto t\u00e9ma vykon\u00e1no mnoho pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 ukazuje na lidsk\u00fd rozkv\u011bt, kter\u00fd se rod\u00ed z&nbsp;na\u0161\u00ed identity jako hluboce integrovan\u00e9ho organismu zahrnuj\u00edc\u00edho jak konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed, tak \u017eiv\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed d\u00edlo chilsk\u00e9ho ekonoma Manfreda Maxe-Neefa obsahuje komplexn\u00ed taxonomii z\u00e1kladn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch pot\u0159eb, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje deset prim\u00e1rn\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f, jako jsou mimo jin\u00e9 ob\u017eiva, l\u00e1ska, svoboda, bezpe\u010d\u00ed a participace s&nbsp;druh\u00fdmi. I kdy\u017e jsou tyto pot\u0159eby univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, mohou b\u00fdt uspokojov\u00e1ny nes\u010detn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch historick\u00fdch a kulturn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. Jak nav\u00edc p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b prok\u00e1zali v\u011bdci zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se syst\u00e9mem Zem\u011b, lidsk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my jsou \u00fazce propojeny s&nbsp;v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi biologick\u00fdmi a planet\u00e1rn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 podporuj\u00ed \u017eivot. &nbsp; Udr\u017eiteln\u00fd lidsk\u00fd blahobyt vy\u017eaduje zdravou, \u017eivotem vibruj\u00edc\u00ed Zemi s&nbsp;neporu\u0161en\u00fdmi ekosyst\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 jsou schopny snadno dopl\u0148ovat svou vlastn\u00ed hojnost.[10]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak by mohla vypadat um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, kter\u00e1 by byla naprogramovan\u00e1 v&nbsp;souladu s&nbsp;principy, je\u017e by umo\u017e\u0148ovaly rozkv\u011bt ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho \u017eivota na zdrav\u00e9 Zemi, v\u010detn\u011b lidsk\u00e9 civilizace?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdy\u017e si ale uv\u011bdom\u00edme, jak je naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed v&nbsp;rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch oblastech dne\u0161n\u00edho sv\u011bta vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 mo\u017enosti napln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f na rozkv\u011bt, ukazuje se, \u017ee probl\u00e9m slad\u011bn\u00ed se ve skute\u010dnosti neomezuje jen na oblast um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence, ale \u017ee jde sp\u00ed\u0161e o z\u00e1sadn\u00ed probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd je z\u00e1kladem ekonomick\u00e9ho a finan\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd \u0159\u00edd\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 modern\u00ed sv\u011bt. Jak jsem u\u017e uvedl jinde, glob\u00e1ln\u00ed kapitalismus, tak jak se projevuje v&nbsp;akciov\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech, lze s\u00e1m o sob\u011b ch\u00e1pat jako z\u00e1rode\u010dnou formu \u0161patn\u011b slad\u011bn\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence: to znamen\u00e1 takovou formu, kde nad z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi lidsk\u00fdmi pot\u0159ebami p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eil prvo\u0159ad\u00fd c\u00edl maximalizace hodnoty pro akcion\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00fd vedl k&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 metakrizi, je\u017e vznikla v&nbsp;d\u016fsledku soub\u011bhu rostouc\u00ed nerovnosti, rychl\u00e9ho rozvoje technologi\u00ed, klimatick\u00e9ho kolapsu a zrychluj\u00edc\u00ed se ekologick\u00e9 devastace. V&nbsp;tomto ohledu, jak upozornil soci\u00e1ln\u00ed filozof Daniel Schmachtenberger, lze pokro\u010dilou um\u011blou inteligenci pova\u017eovat za urychlova\u010d z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din sou\u010dasn\u00e9 metakrize ve v\u0161ech dimenz\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z t\u00e9to temn\u00e9 progn\u00f3zy se vyno\u0159uje sv\u011btl\u00e1 str\u00e1nka, kter\u00e1 nab\u00edz\u00ed ur\u010ditou nad\u011bji na spole\u010densk\u00fd obrat sm\u011brem k&nbsp;budoucnosti podporuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivot. Kdy\u017e analytici uva\u017euj\u00ed o velk\u00fdch dilematech, kter\u00fdm dnes lidstvo \u010del\u00ed, \u010dasto je popisuj\u00ed jako &#8222;h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00e9&nbsp; probl\u00e9my&#8220;: jako sple\u0165 vysoce komplexn\u00edch vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojen\u00fdch v\u00fdzev, je\u017e postr\u00e1daj\u00ed dob\u0159e definovan\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a vznikaj\u00ed v&nbsp;\u010dasov\u00e9m horizontu, jen\u017e pro na\u0161e kognitivn\u00ed syst\u00e9my \u2013 kter\u00e9 se vyvinuly v&nbsp;savan\u011b, aby reagovaly na bezprost\u0159edn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rizika \u2013 nep\u0159edstavuje jasnou krizovou situaci. Nemohl by n\u00e1stup vysp\u011bl\u00e9 um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence s&nbsp;jej\u00edm jasn\u00fdm a aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm existen\u010dn\u00edm nebezpe\u010d\u00edm slou\u017eit jako urychlova\u010d nesouladu, kter\u00fd je v&nbsp;na\u0161em glob\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu u\u017e p\u0159\u00edtomen \u2013 k&nbsp;tomu, abychom se jako kolektivn\u00ed lidsk\u00fd druh probudili a uv\u011bdomili si rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se civiliza\u010dn\u00ed katastrofu, kter\u00e1 se u\u017e p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi r\u00fdsuje? Nemohlo by n\u00e1s to jako planet\u00e1rn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed vyburcovat k&nbsp;tomu, abychom se p\u0159eorientovali na moudrost, kter\u00e1 je k&nbsp;dispozici v&nbsp;tradi\u010dn\u00edch kultur\u00e1ch a existuje v&nbsp;na\u0161\u00ed vlastn\u00ed \u017eiv\u00e9 inteligenci?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bkdy se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ke sjednocen\u00ed lidstva je nutn\u00e1 zjevn\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e1 hrozba, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159\u00edchod hypotetick\u00e9ho nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9ho mimozemsk\u00e9ho druhu na Zemi, kter\u00fd n\u00e1s ohro\u017euje vyhynut\u00edm. Mo\u017en\u00e1 se takov\u00fd okam\u017eik chyst\u00e1 p\u0159ij\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f \u2013 s&nbsp;mimozemskou inteligenc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se vyno\u0159uje z&nbsp;na\u0161ich vlastn\u00edch machinac\u00ed. Pokud existuje skute\u010dn\u00e1 nad\u011bje na pozitivn\u00ed budoucnost, zrod\u00ed se z&nbsp;na\u0161eho pochopen\u00ed, \u017ee jsme jako lid\u00e9 konceptu\u00e1ln\u00ed i \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti, hluboce propojen\u00e9 s&nbsp;ve\u0161ker\u00fdm \u017eivotem na t\u00e9to vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 planet\u011b, a \u017ee jsme kolektivn\u011b schopni vytvo\u0159it skute\u010dn\u011b integruj\u00edc\u00ed civilizaci, kter\u00e1 vytvo\u0159\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro rozkv\u011bt ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho \u017eivota na obnoven\u00e9 Zemi.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">1\/ Vinge, V. (1993). \u201cWhat is The Singularity?\u201d VISION-21 Symposium(March 30, 1993); <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I._J._Good\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/I._J._Good<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">2\/ For an in-depth discussion of this historical process, see my book <em>The Web of Meaning: Integrating Science and Traditional Wisdom to Find Our Place in the Universe<\/em>, Chapter 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">3\/ Carl Safina, <em>Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel<\/em> (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2015), pp. 92, 211, 236\u20137; Lucy A. Bates, Joyce H. Poole, and Richard W. Byrne, \u201cElephant Cognition,\u201d <em>Current Biology <\/em>18, no. 13 (2008): 544\u201346; Kieran C. R. Fox, Michael Muthukrishna, and Susanne&nbsp;Shultz, \u201cThe Social and Cultural Roots of Whale and Dolphin Brains,\u201d <em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution <\/em>1, November (2017): 1699\u2013705; Katharina Kropshofer, \u201cWhales and Dolphins Lead \u2018Human-Like Lives\u2019 Thanks to Big Brains, Says Study,\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 16 October, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">4\/ Paco Calvo, et al., \u201cPlants Are Intelligent, Here\u2019s How,\u201d <em>Annals of Botany <\/em>125 (2020): 11\u201328; Eric D. Brenner et al., \u201cPlant Neurobiology: An Integrated View of Plant Signaling,\u201d <em>Trends in Plant Science <\/em>11, no. 8 (2006): 413\u201319; Anthony Trewavas, \u201cWhat Is Plant Behaviour?\u201d, <em>Plant, Cell and Environment <\/em>32 (2009): 606\u201316; Stefano Mancuso, <em>The Revolutionary Genius of Plants: A New Understanding of Plant Intelligence and Behavior<\/em> (New York: Atria Books, 2018; Suzanne W. Simard, et al., \u201cNet Transfer of Carbon between Ectomycorrhizal Tree Species in the Field,\u201d <em>Nature <\/em>388 (1997): 579\u201382; Yuan Yuan Song, et al., \u201cInterplant Communication of Tomato Plants through Underground Common Mycorrhizal Networks,\u201d <em>PLoS Biology <\/em>5, no. 10 (2010): e13324.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">5\/ Boyce Rensberger, <em>Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 62\u20136; Brian J. Ford, \u201cRevealing the Ingenuity of the Living Cell,\u201d <em>Biologist <\/em>53, no. 4 (2006): 221\u201324; Brian J. Ford, \u201cOn Intelligence in Cells: The Case for Whole Cell Biology,\u201d <em>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews <\/em>34, no. 4 (2009): 350-65; Evan Thompson, <em>Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind<\/em> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. ix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">6\/ Gerald M. Edelman, and Giulio Tononi, <em>A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination<\/em> (New York: Basic Books, 2000); Antonio Damasio, <em>The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness<\/em> (New York: Harcourt Inc., 1999); Daniel Kahneman, <em>Thinking Fast and Slow<\/em> (New York: Farrar, Straus &amp; Giroux, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">7\/ For a lucid explanation of why human intelligence is not substrate independent, see Antonio Damasio, <em>The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures<\/em> (New York: Pantheon 2018), pp. 199\u2013208.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">8\/ Donald J. Munro, <em>A Chinese Ethics for the New Century: The Ch\u2019ien Mu Lectures in History and Culture, and Other Essays on Science and Confucian Ethics<\/em> (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2005), p. 24; Yu, N. (2007). \u201cHeart and Cognition in Ancient Chinese Philosophy.\u201d <em>Journal of Cognition and Culture, 7<\/em>(1-2), 27-47. For an extensive discussion of the integrative nature of traditional Chinese thought, see my book<em> The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity\u2019s Search for Meaning<\/em> (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2017), chapters 9 and 14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">9\/ Four Arrows (Don Trent Jacobs), and Darcia Narvaez, <em>Restoring the Kinship Worldview: Indigenous Voices Introduce 28 Precepts for Rebalancing Life on Planet Earth<\/em> (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-extra-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\">10\/ Max-Neef, M.A., 1991.<em> Human Scale Development: Conception, Application and Further Reflections. <\/em>Zed Books, New York; Johan Rockstr\u00f6m, et al., \u201cA Safe Operating Space for Humanity,\u201d <em>Nature <\/em>461 (2009): 472\u201375; William J. Ripple, et al., \u201cWorld Scientists\u2019 Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice,\u201d <em>BioScience <\/em>67, no. 12 (2017): 1026\u201328.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The explosive growth of artificial intelligence poses an existential risk to humanity. To confront this risk and potentially change the trajectory of our civilization, Jeremy Lent argues, we need a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of human intelligence and the fundamental requirements for human flourishing. If we want to make \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d more humane, let\u2019s acknowledge and value our \u201cliving intelligence,\u201d the author urges in this essay that\u2026 <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/jeremy-lent-abychom-mohli-celit-rizikum-spojenym-s-umelou-inteligenci-musime-rozvinout-integrovanou-inteligenci\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jeremy Lent: To address the risks of AI, we need to develop integrated intelligence<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10961,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[101,90,59,102,103],"class_list":["post-10959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-texty","tag-integrovana-inteligence","tag-jeremy-lent","tag-preklady","tag-umela-inteligence","tag-ziva-inteligence","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10959","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10959"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10959\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10976,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10959\/revisions\/10976"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10959"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10959"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/potulnauniverzita.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10959"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}